I D PHARM CHAPTER 1 Pharmacognosy:
Syllabus two pages
A) Definition,
B) History,
C) Scope of Pharmacognosy,
D) Indigenous system of medicine.
B)
History
The
history of herbal medicines is as old as human civilization. The documents,
many of which are of great ancientness revealed that plants were used
medicinally in India, China, Egypt and Greece long before the beginning of the
Christian era.
1. The well-known treatises in Ayurveda are Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita. Charaka worked meticulously to examine and classify herbs into groups called Gunas. Fifty groups of ten herbs each of which, according to him, would suffice an ordinary physician's need. Marked by extreme care in the treatment of details. Sushruta arranged 760 herbs in 7 distinct sets based on some of their common properties. A large portion of the Indian population even today depends on the Indian System of Medicine Ayurveda, 'An ancient science of life'.
2. In 16th century before Christ Papyrus Ebers, One of the most famous surviving remainder the document is dominated by more than 800 formulae and 700 different drugs.
3. in China, many medicinal plants had been in use since 5000 B.C. around 3000 B.C. Emperor Shen Nung writes oldest known herbal document Pen-t'sao It contains 365 drugs, one for each day of the year.
4.460 -3608.C., Father of medicine", Hippocrates"
5. 384 -3228C, Aristotle
6. 1852 Stass and Otto A new extraction process for alkaloid was developed.
7. 1860 Neumann, cocaine
8. 1493-1 541 Paracelsus develop mineral salts which might potential of being universal curative agents.
9. 1707 -1778 Swede Linnaeus classified the plants and introduced. System of namingthe plants known as the binomial system which is still followed.
10. In 19th century era Materia Medica was used in Pharmacognosy.
Pharmacognosy as an applied science has played a crucial role in the development of different disciplines of science. A pharmacognosist should possess a sound knowledge of the terms used to describe the vegetable and animal drugs as covered under botany and zoology, respectively. The knowledge of plant taxonomy, plant breeding, plant pathology, and plant genetics is helpful in the development of cultivation technology for medicinal and aromatic plants. Plant – chemistry (phytochemistry) has undergone significant development in recent years as a distinct discipline. lt is concerned with the enormous variety of substances that are synthesized and accumulated by plants and the structural elucidation of these substances. The technology involving extraction, purification, and characterization of pharmaceuticals from natural sources is a significant contribution to the advancement of natural and physical sciences. The knowledge of chemotaxonomy, biogenetic pathways for the formation of medicinally active primary and secondary metabolites, plant tissue culture and other related fields are essential for a complete understanding of Pharmacognosy. The basic knowledge of biochemistry and chemical engineering is essential for development of collection, processing, and storage technology of crude drugs.
Pharmacognosy is an important link between Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry. As a result of the rapid development of phytochemistry and pharmacological testing methods in recent years new plant drugs are finding their way into medicine as purified phytochemicals, rather than in the form of traditional galenical preparations. The knowledge of pharmacology is essential for understanding the action of drugs on animals and the human system. Pharmacognosy is the infrastructure on which depends evolution of novel medicines, as it is seen that several crude drugs are utilized for the preparation of galenicals or as sources of therapeutically significant subspaces that cannot be synthesized economically. Further, crude drugs also provide essential intermediates for the final synthesis of active compounds. Phytopharmaceuticals or synthetic drugs derived from phytochemicals have to be ultimately incorporated in a suitable dosage form which involves the knowledge of dispensing and preparative pharmacy, pharmaceutical technology, and analysis.
ln a nutshell, Pharmacognosy is an important bridge between the pharmaceutical and basic sciences. Pharmacognosy is a vital link between Ayurvedic and Allopathic systems of medicines. It provides a system wherein the active principles of crude drugs derived from natural origin can be dispensed, formulated, and manufactured in dosage forms acceptable to the allopathic systems of medicine.
Ayurveda-Ancient Science of Life is believed to be prevalent for the last 5000 years in India. lt is one of the most famous systems of medicine in the world. Ayurveda is based on the hypothesis that everything in the universe is composed of five basic elements viz. 1.Fire (thumb), 2.Air (index) 3. Space (middle) 4. Earth (ring) and 5. Liquid (small finger)
They exist in the human body in combined forms like Vata (space and air), pitta (energy and- liquid), and Kapha (liquid and solid). Vata, pitta, and Kapha together are called Tridosha (three pillars of life). lt is believed that they are in harmony with each other, but in every human being one of them is dominating which, in turn, is called the prakruti of that person. Tridosha exists in the human body in seven forms called Saptadhatu viz. Rasa (lymph), Rakta (blood), meda (adipose tissue), mamsa (flesh), majja (nervine tissue), Shukra (reproductive tissue), and asthi (bones). These tissues are subject to wear and tear so that mala (excretory material) is formed from them. When tridosha, saptdhatu, and mala are in balance with each other, it is called a healthy condition white imbalance causes a pathological condition. lt is hypothesized that the five characters of the medicinal herbs viz. rasa, guna, virya, vipak, and prabhava can be applied to five various pathological conditions. Authentic information on Ayurveda has been compiled by ancient Indian Medicine practitioners in forms called Samhita and other similar books. Ayurvedic pharmacy (Bhaishajya-Vigyan) proposes five basic dosage forms like swaras, Kalka, kwath, hima, and phant, A number of other dosage forms like churna, avaleha, ghrita, sadhana Kalpa, bhasma are prepared from them. Mostly, all of them are polyherbal formulations. Some important herbs in Ayurveda is Rauwolfia sepentina, Asparagus racemosus, Cassia angustifolia, Sesamum indicum, Holarrhena antidysenterica, Withania, somnifera, aconitum napellus, Piper longum, etc.
Naturopathy
is not merely a system of treatment, but also a way of life which is based on
laws of nature. The attention is particularly paid to eating and living habits,
adoption of purificatory measures, use of hydrotherapy, mud packs, baths,
massage, etc.
The term
'Siddha' means achievement and 'Siddhars' were saintly personalities, who
attained proficiency in medicine through the practice of Bhakti and Yoga. According
to traditional belief, Lord Shiva unfolded the knowledge of medicine to his wife
Parvati which was then passed to Siddhars.
This is
the system of the pre-Vedic period identified with Dravidian culture and it is
largely therapeutic in nature. Like Ayurveda, this system believes the role of
three humors i.e. vatta, pitta and Kapha and that all objects in-universe are
made up of five basic elements namely, earth, water, sky, fire, and air.
The identification of causative factors of diseases is done through a pulse reading, the color of the body, the study of voice, urine examination, the status of digestive system and the examination of the tongue.
The literature of the Siddha system is mostly in Tamil. A few natural drugs used in Siddha system of medicine is: Abini (Papaver somniferum), Alari (Nerium indicum, Ethi (Strychnos Nux-vomica), Gomathai (Datura stramonium), Haikalli (Euphorbia nerifolia, Ratha polam (Aloe barbadensis).
10. 19 ನೇ ಶತಮಾನದ ಯುಗದಲ್ಲಿ ಮೆಟೀರಿಯಾ ಮೆಡಿಕಾವನ್ನು ಫಾರ್ಮಾಕಾಗ್ನೋಸಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಬಳಸಲಾಯಿತು.
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